Consent and age of consent
Section 130 of the Penal Code, as rewritten by the Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act (Act No. 4 of 1998, s. 5), makes rape an offence committed by a male person against a girl or a woman and lists the circumstances: she is not his wife or is his wife but separated from him without consenting at the time; consent obtained by force, threats or intimidation or while she is in unlawful detention; consent given while she was of unsound mind or intoxicated by a substance administered by him or another, unless prior consent is proved; consent given because she believed him to be her husband; and any case where she is under 18 (s. 130(2)(a) to (e)). Evidence of resistance, such as physical injuries, is not needed to show that there was no consent (s. 130(4)(b)); spouses are deemed lawfully separated even when the separation was arranged by family or clan members (s. 130(5)).
Section 130(3) names those who abuse a position: a person in authority over the girl or woman, staff of a remand home, women's or children's institution, hospital, school, day-care centre or children's home, a traditional healer acting on a client, and a religious leader. The penalty for rape is life imprisonment, and in any case not less than 30 years with corporal punishment, a fine and compensation to the victim (s. 131(1)); rape of a girl under ten is punished with life imprisonment (s. 131(3)), gang rape with life whatever each participant's role (s. 131A) and attempted rape with life or at least 30 years (s. 132(1)). Where the offender is a boy, the Code prescribes corporal punishment only for a first offence, 12 months with corporal punishment for a second and five years for a third (s. 131(2)); the 2023 revised edition, which records an amendment by Act No. 11 of 2023 (s. 74), says 'below the age of eighteen' where the 2022 edition said 'eighteen years or less'.
The Code also separates lesser offences by name and penalty. Sexual assault by words, sounds or gestures intended to cause sexual annoyance carries up to five years or a fine of up to TSh 300,000, and the consent of a person under 18 is no defence (s. 135); sexual harassment, which includes unwelcome advances by a person in authority at work or elsewhere, carries up to five years or a fine of up to TSh 200,000, but no prosecution may start or continue if the complaint was made more than 60 days after the event (s. 138D(5)); grave sexual abuse is punished with 18 to 30 years and, against a person under 18, 20 to 30 years (s. 138C); and procuring or paying for a child for sexual purposes is punished with 15 to 30 years without option of a fine (s. 138B).
Marriage and the age line do not coincide. A man who has or attempts intercourse with his wife while she is under 18 commits an offence punishable by ten years (s. 138(1)), a parent who disposes of a girl under 18 so that she will have intercourse with her husband faces 14 years (s. 138(2)), and under the Education Act marrying or impregnating a primary or secondary school girl carries 30 years (s. 62). Yet s. 130(2)(e) leaves a wife of 15 or more outside the definition of rape, and s. 130(2)(a) leaves a wife who is not separated from her husband outside it altogether; the UN Women review of 2024 recommends bringing marital rape within ss. 130 to 132. The Tanzanian marriage page sets out how s. 13 of the Law of Marriage Act fits with these rules.
Evidence is governed by s. 127(6) of the Evidence Act (as numbered in the 2023 edition): where the only independent evidence in a sexual-offence trial is that of a child of tender age or of the victim, the court may convict without corroboration if, for reasons recorded, it is satisfied that the witness is telling nothing but the truth. In Abiola Mohamed @ Simba v Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 291 of 2017, judgment delivered 2 November 2021) the Court of Appeal sitting at Arusha repeated that the best evidence of a sexual offence comes from the victim but said it 'should not be taken as gospel truth' and must pass the test of truthfulness; it quashed a conviction for the rape of a 14-year-old because of contradictions in her account.
Zanzibar has its own penal law. The Penal Act No. 6 of 2018 was assented to by the President of Zanzibar on 16 March 2018 (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada), and a UNFPA technical brief reports that under Zanzibar's penal law the age of consent for girls is 18 whatever the consent, unless the person is the man's wife and has reached puberty; UN Women's 2024 review recommends that the Penal Act 2018 be amended to make marital rape an offence under its Part 13. The Children's Act 2011, which defines a child as anyone below 18 (s. 2), punishes sexual abuse of a child with at least 15 years' imprisonment (s. 15(b)) and has its own rule on a sole complaining witness: the court may convict on the uncorroborated evidence of the child or victim of a sexual offence if satisfied, for reasons recorded, that the witness is telling nothing but the truth (s. 49(5)).
Key points
| Rape (Mainland) | Life imprisonment, in any case not less than 30 years with corporal punishment, plus compensation (Penal Code s. 131(1)) |
|---|---|
| Girl under 18 | Intercourse is rape with or without consent, unless the wife is 15 or over and not separated (s. 130(2)(e)) |
| Girl under 10 | Life imprisonment (s. 131(3)) |
| Gang rape | Life imprisonment for each member of the group (s. 131A) |
| Grave sexual abuse | 18 to 30 years; 20 to 30 years if the victim is under 18 (s. 138C) |
| Sexual harassment | Up to 5 years or fine up to TSh 200,000; complaint within 60 days (s. 138D) |
| Husband and wife under 18 | 10 years' imprisonment (s. 138(1)) |
| Sole witness in a sexual-offence trial | Conviction allowed without corroboration if the court records why it believes the witness (Evidence Act s. 127(6)) |
| Zanzibar: sexual abuse of a child | At least 15 years (Children's Act 2011 s. 15(b)) |
In practice
- Report to a police station and ask for the Gender and Children's Desk; the NPA-VAWC II plan counts 420 such desks, and on Zanzibar UNICEF said in November 2025 that every police station has one.
- Make the complaint of sexual harassment under s. 138D within 60 days of the event, because s. 138D(5) bars any prosecution begun or continued after a later complaint.
- Call 116 for counselling and referral to a social welfare officer or the police desk when the victim is a child; the line is free on every mobile network on the Mainland and in Zanzibar.
Where to go
- Police Gender and Children's Desk at the nearest police station (Mainland); Zanzibar Police Force Gender and Child Protection Unit and the desks in each Zanzibar station.
- 116 National Child Helpline (C-Sema), free and available around the clock.
- Social welfare officer of the local council, who applies for a care order when a child is suffering significant harm (Law of the Child Act s. 18).
Worth knowing
The two statutes that touch a married girl of 15 to 17 point in different directions: s. 13(1) of the Law of Marriage Act lets a girl marry at 15, the Court of Appeal held that provision unconstitutional on 23 October 2019 (Gyumi), and the Penal Code keeps both s. 130(2)(e) and the ten-year offence in s. 138(1).
Frequently asked questions
Can a husband be charged with raping his wife in Tanzania?
Not under the wording of s. 130(2)(a) of the Penal Code, which makes intercourse rape where the woman is not his wife or is his wife but separated from him without consenting; a wife under 18 is protected by the ten-year offence in s. 138(1), the assault offences of ss. 240 and 241 remain available, and the UN Women review of 2024 recommends bringing marital rape within ss. 130 to 132.
What is the age of consent on the Mainland and in Zanzibar?
On the Mainland sexual intercourse with a girl under 18 is rape with or without consent (s. 130(2)(e)); a UNFPA technical brief reports the same age of 18 for girls under Zanzibar's penal law, again with an exception for a wife who has reached puberty.
Must a rape victim's account be backed by other evidence?
No: s. 127(6) of the Evidence Act lets a court convict on the victim's evidence alone if it records its reasons for believing her, but in Simba (2021) the Court of Appeal quashed a conviction where the victim's account was contradictory.
Sources
- Penal Code, Cap. 16, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — ss. 130 to 132, 135, 138 to 138D, 169A; amendment history in the margin notes
- Penal Code, Cap. 16, Revised Edition 2022 (Government Notice No. 461 of 24 June 2022, Attorney General's Office) — s. 131(2) as printed in 2022 ('eighteen years or less')
- Evidence Act, Cap. 6, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — s. 127(6) and (8) as numbered in the 2023 edition
- Education Act, Cap. 353, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — s. 62 (formerly s. 60A): marrying or impregnating a school girl
- Abiola Mohamed @ Simba v Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 291 of 2017, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Arusha (judgment delivered 2 November 2021), copy published by the National Prosecutions Service — best evidence from the victim, test of truthfulness, conviction quashed
- Attorney General v Rebeca Z. Gyumi, Civil Appeal No. 204 of 2017, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam (judgment of 23 October 2019), copy hosted by the University of Toronto — judgment of 23 October 2019 on ss. 13 and 17 of the Law of Marriage Act
- UN Women Tanzania, Analysis of the laws of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar from a gender perspective (2024 brief) — recommendations to incorporate marital rape in ss. 130 to 132 of the Penal Code and in Part 13 of Zanzibar's Penal Act 2018
- Children's Act, Act No. 6 of 2011 (Zanzibar), assented 6 July 2011 — ss. 2, 15(b) and 49(5)
- Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, response TZA106150.FE of 17 September 2018 (texts of the Mainland Penal Code and the Zanzibar Penal Act No. 6 of 2018) — Zanzibar Penal Act No. 6 of 2018, assented 16 March 2018
- UNFPA ESARO, Technical Brief -- Harmonization of minimum ages and adolescent sexual and reproductive health rights — age of consent under Zanzibar's penal law (table of East and Southern African countries)
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups, National Plan of Action to End Violence Against Women and Children (NPA-VAWC II, 2024/25-2028/29) — 420 Police Gender and Children's Desks
- Daily News via allAfrica, "Tanzania: Govt demands stronger GBV action" (12 November 2025) — UNICEF on gender and children's desks in every Zanzibar police station
The general article: Consent and age of consent · Compare with another country
Domestic violence
Mainland prosecutions rest on general offences of the Penal Code: common assault carries one year's imprisonment (s. 240), assault causing actual bodily harm five years (s. 241), unlawful wounding three years (s. 228), grievous harm seven years (s. 225), and failing to supply the necessaries of life to someone in one's charge, where life or health is endangered, three years (s. 229). Section 66 of the Law of Marriage Act declares that, notwithstanding any custom to the contrary, a person has no right to inflict corporal punishment on his or her spouse, and s. 139 allows the court, during matrimonial proceedings or after a decree of annulment, separation or divorce, to order a person to stop forcing his or her company on the spouse or former spouse and to refrain from other acts of molestation. The World Bank's 2024 report located no provision on domestic violence or femicide in Tanzanian law, and UN Women's 2024 review recommends enacting, both on the Mainland and in Zanzibar, legislation that addresses and penalises all gender-based violence and unifies the existing laws.
The 2022 TDHS-MIS measured the problem: 27% of women aged 15 to 49 had experienced physical violence since the age of 15 and 12% sexual violence; among ever-partnered women 33% had suffered emotional, physical or sexual violence from a husband or partner in the 12 months before the survey (24% physical, 22% emotional, 9% sexual). The rate was 33% on the Mainland and 15% in Zanzibar, and ranged by region from 9% in Kaskazini Unguja and Kusini Pemba to 64% in Mara; 50% of divorced, separated or widowed women had experienced physical violence. Of the women who had experienced violence, 38% sought help, 13% told someone without seeking help and 49% neither sought help nor told anyone, and the commonest source of help was their own family (62%).
Violence also matters inside matrimonial proceedings. Cruelty, mental or physical, inflicted on the petitioner or the children is one of the matters the court may accept as evidence that the marriage has broken down, although proof of it does not entitle a party to a decree as of right (Law of Marriage Act s. 107(2)(c)). The rule that a divorce petition must first go to the Marriage Conciliation Board (s. 101) lists no exception for violence, but its last exception covers 'extraordinary circumstances which make reference to the Board impracticable' (s. 101(f)), and leave to petition within the first two years of marriage requires exceptional hardship (s. 100(2)).
Children are covered separately. On the Mainland the Law of the Child Act prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of a child and says no correction is justifiable that is unreasonable in kind or degree for the child's age and condition (s. 13), with a fine of up to TSh 5 million or up to six months (s. 14); the Penal Code punishes cruelty to a child by a person with custody, charge or care (ill-treatment, neglect, abandonment) with a fine of up to TSh 1 million or five to 15 years, or both (s. 169A); and a court may, on a social welfare officer's application, make a care order removing a child from a situation of significant harm for up to three years or until the child turns 18, whichever comes first (s. 18(4)). In Zanzibar the Children's Act 2011 bans violence and degrading treatment of a child but lets parents discipline a child in a way that does not injure its physical or mental well-being (s. 14), and punishes ill-treatment, neglect or abandonment of a child with five to ten years (s. 15(a)).
Services rest on policy rather than statute. The second National Plan of Action to End Violence Against Women and Children (NPA-VAWC II, 2024/25 to 2028/29) reports from the first plan 420 Police Gender Desks, 21 One-Stop Centres in 12 regions, 10 safe houses and the free 116 helpline, and sets a target of 52 One-Stop Centres and 52 safe houses. On Zanzibar, UNICEF's child protection officer said in November 2025 that gender and children's desks now exist in every police station, while the head of the Zanzibar Police Gender and Child Protection Unit reported weak public turnout at the desks' awareness sessions.
Key points
| Common assault | 1 year (Penal Code s. 240) |
|---|---|
| Assault causing actual bodily harm | 5 years (s. 241) |
| Unlawful wounding | 3 years (s. 228) |
| Grievous harm | 7 years (s. 225) |
| Corporal punishment of a spouse | No right, notwithstanding any custom (Law of Marriage Act s. 66) |
| Order against molestation | During matrimonial proceedings or after a decree of annulment, separation or divorce (Law of Marriage Act s. 139) |
| Cruelty to a child (Mainland) | Fine up to TSh 1 million or 5 to 15 years, or both, plus compensation (Penal Code s. 169A) |
| Cruelty to a child (Zanzibar) | 5 to 10 years (Children's Act 2011 s. 15(a)) |
| Partner violence in the past 12 months | 33% of ever-partnered women: Mainland 33%, Zanzibar 15% (TDHS-MIS 2022) |
In practice
- Call 116, the National Child Helpline run by C-Sema: it is free on all networks on the Mainland and in Zanzibar, open 24 hours and confidential, and its counsellors refer callers to social welfare officers or the police Gender and Children's Desk.
- Report at a police station and ask for the Gender and Children's Desk; for medical treatment, counselling and legal assistance in one place, NPA-VAWC II lists One-Stop Centres in selected regions.
- When a matrimonial case is pending or decided, ask the court for an order under s. 139 of the Law of Marriage Act against molestation, and tell the court if the violence makes referral to the Conciliation Board impracticable (s. 101).
- Where a child is in danger, ask the social welfare officer of the local council to apply for a care order under s. 18 of the Law of the Child Act.
Recent changes
In the Minister's 2026/27 budget speech, reported on 4 June 2026, 108,819 survivors of gender-based violence and violence against children were recorded at health facilities between July 2025 and April 2026 (32,150 children and 76,669 adults), 20 safe houses supported 1,313 survivors, 3,146 cases of violence against children had reached court by April 2026 (2,517 concluded, 629 pending) and 401 social welfare officers were recruited in 2025/26, bringing the total to 2,315.
Where to go
- Police Gender and Children's Desk at a police station; on Zanzibar the Gender and Child Protection Unit of the Zanzibar Police Force.
- 116 National Child Helpline (C-Sema), free from any mobile network in Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.
- Social welfare officer of the local council, for children (Law of the Child Act ss. 18 and 19).
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups, which publishes and coordinates NPA-VAWC II.
Worth knowing
Cruelty is evidence of marital breakdown, not a ground that entitles the petitioner to a decree (s. 107(2)), and the only injunction in the Law of Marriage Act is tied to matrimonial proceedings (s. 139); the words 'protection order' and 'domestic violence' appear nowhere in the 2023 texts of the Penal Code or the Law of the Child Act.
Frequently asked questions
Does Tanzania have a domestic violence law?
Not a standalone one on the Mainland: the World Bank's Women, Business and the Law 2024 located no applicable provision, and prosecutions rely on the Penal Code assault offences (ss. 225 to 241) while s. 66 of the Law of Marriage Act states that no spouse may inflict corporal punishment.
Can a court order a violent spouse to stay away?
Section 139 of the Law of Marriage Act lets the court, while matrimonial proceedings are pending or after a decree of annulment, separation or divorce, order a person to refrain from forcing his or her company on the spouse or former spouse and from other acts of molestation.
Where can a woman in Zanzibar report violence?
At the Gender and Children's Desk that, according to UNICEF in November 2025, exists in every Zanzibar police station, or through the 116 helpline, which UNFPA says can be dialled from any mobile network on the Mainland and in Zanzibar.
Sources
- Penal Code, Cap. 16, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — ss. 169A, 225, 228, 229, 240 and 241
- Law of Marriage Act, Cap. 29, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — ss. 66, 100, 101, 107 and 139 as printed in the 2023 edition
- Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — ss. 13, 14, 18 and 19
- Children's Act, Act No. 6 of 2011 (Zanzibar), assented 6 July 2011 — ss. 14 and 15
- 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey -- Summary Report (NBS and OCGS with The DHS Program) — domestic violence chapter: physical, sexual and partner violence, help-seeking, Mainland and Zanzibar rates
- World Bank, Women, Business and the Law 2024 -- Tanzania country data (main business city: Dar es Salaam) — no applicable provisions located on domestic violence or femicide
- UN Women Tanzania, Analysis of the laws of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar from a gender perspective (2024 brief) — recommendation to enact gender-based violence legislation on the Mainland and in Zanzibar
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups, National Plan of Action to End Violence Against Women and Children (NPA-VAWC II, 2024/25-2028/29) — achievements of the first plan and targets of NPA-VAWC II
- C-Sema (Sema Tanzania) -- National Child Helpline 116 — 116 free on all networks, 24 hours, confidential
- UNFPA, "Tanzanian helpline reaching thousands of at-risk women and girls every day" (20 May 2021) — counsellors refer callers to social welfare officers and Police Gender and Children's Desks
- Daily News via allAfrica, "Tanzania: Govt demands stronger GBV action" (12 November 2025) — Zanzibar police gender and children's desks
- Daily News via allAfrica, "Tanzania: Building safer homes for women, children" (4 June 2026) — figures of the 2026/27 budget speech
The general article: Domestic violence · Compare with another country
Female genital mutilation
Section 169A of the Penal Code, whose margin note cites Act No. 4 of 1998 s. 21, makes it an offence for a person having the custody, charge or care of someone under 18 to cause female genital mutilation or to carry it out or cause it to be carried out; the offence is headed 'cruelty to children' and is punished with a fine of up to TSh 1 million or imprisonment of five to 15 years, or both, with compensation to the victim (s. 169A(2)). Section 160 of the Law of the Child Act is addressed to any person: 'a person shall not perform female genital mutilation on a child', with a fine of at least TSh 2 million or imprisonment of five to 15 years, or both. A child is anyone below 18 (Law of the Child Act s. 4).
The DHS Programme's final report on the 2022 survey (chapter 17) puts prevalence among women aged 15 to 49 at 8%, down from 10% in 2015-16 and 18% in 1996. It is 4% among women aged 15 to 19 and 17% among those aged 45 to 49, 11% in rural against 4% in urban areas, 9% on the Mainland against under 1% in Zanzibar, and about one quarter in the Central and Northern zones against 6% or less elsewhere; Manyara and Arusha stand at 43% each, while Dodoma fell from 47% to 18% since 2015-16. Of circumcised women, 89% underwent the form the survey classes as Type II, the most common in Tanzania, and 6% Type III.
Timing and practitioners: 34% of circumcised women were cut before the age of five, 28% at 10 to 14 and 20% at 15 or older; 55% were circumcised by a traditional birth attendant and 26% by a traditional circumciser. Less than 1% of living daughters aged 0 to 14 had been circumcised, 98% of women and 96% of men who had heard of the practice think it should not continue, and 97% of women and 94% of men say religion does not require it.
The provisions protect persons under 18 only. About one in five circumcised women (20%) said they were cut at 15 or older, and the UN Women review of 2024 recommends extending the Penal Code's protection against FGM to women above 18. In Zanzibar the Children's Act 2011 punishes anyone having the custody, charge or care of a child who ill-treats, neglects or abandons the child or 'circumcise[s] female child' with five to ten years' imprisonment (s. 15(a)).
Policy follows the law. The Daily News reported on 26 February 2026 that the Minister for Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups launched a five-year National Multi-Sectoral Strategy (2025/26 to 2029/30) against FGM in Monduli District, Arusha Region, on the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation.
Key points
| Mainland, custodian or carer of a person under 18 | Fine up to TSh 1 million or 5 to 15 years, or both, plus compensation (Penal Code s. 169A) |
|---|---|
| Mainland, any person, victim a child | Fine of at least TSh 2 million or 5 to 15 years, or both (Law of the Child Act s. 160) |
| Zanzibar | 5 to 10 years for circumcising a female child (Children's Act 2011 s. 15(a)) |
| Prevalence, women 15 to 49 | 8% (2015-16: 10%; 1996: 18%) (TDHS-MIS 2022) |
| Prevalence by territory | Mainland 9%; Zanzibar under 1% (TDHS-MIS 2022) |
| Highest regions | Manyara and Arusha, 43% each (TDHS-MIS 2022) |
| Age at cutting | Before 5: 34%; 10 to 14: 28%; 15 or older: 20% of circumcised women |
| Daughters aged 0 to 14 | Less than 1% circumcised |
In practice
- Report a planned or completed cutting of a girl to the police Gender and Children's Desk or to the social welfare officer; 116 takes calls free of charge from every mobile network.
- Ask the social welfare officer to apply for a care order under s. 18 of the Law of the Child Act when a girl is at risk of significant harm; the order can last up to three years or until she turns 18, whichever comes first.
- Section 160 of the Law of the Child Act is worded for 'a person' and carries no custody condition like s. 169A, so the practitioner or traditional circumciser falls within its text as well as the parent.
Recent changes
The Daily News reported on 26 February 2026 that a National Multi-Sectoral Strategy against FGM for 2025/26 to 2029/30 had been launched in Monduli District by Minister Dorothy Gwajima; the TDHS-MIS 2022 remains the latest national measurement of prevalence.
Where to go
- Police Gender and Children's Desk (Mainland) and the Zanzibar Police Gender and Child Protection Unit.
- Social welfare officer of the local council (Law of the Child Act s. 18).
- 116 National Child Helpline, free on every network in Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.
- Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups, responsible for the 2025/26 to 2029/30 national strategy.
Frequently asked questions
Is female genital mutilation illegal for an adult woman in Tanzania?
The FGM-specific provisions protect children: s. 169A of the Penal Code covers a person under 18 and s. 160 of the Law of the Child Act covers a child (below 18), and the UN Women review of 2024 recommends extending the Penal Code's protection to women above 18.
What is the penalty for FGM in Zanzibar?
Section 15(a) of the Zanzibar Children's Act 2011 provides five to ten years' imprisonment for a person with custody, charge or care of a child who circumcises a female child, and prevalence there is under 1% according to the 2022 survey.
How common is FGM in Tanzania?
The 2022 TDHS-MIS found 8% of women aged 15 to 49 circumcised, 9% on the Mainland and under 1% in Zanzibar, with 43% in Manyara and Arusha.
Sources
- Penal Code, Cap. 16, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — s. 169A (cruelty to children, including FGM) and its margin note citing Act No. 4 of 1998 s. 21
- Law of the Child Act, Cap. 13, Revised Edition 2023 (Attorney General's Office, official revised text) — ss. 4, 18 and 160
- Children's Act, Act No. 6 of 2011 (Zanzibar), assented 6 July 2011 — s. 15(a)
- 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey -- Final Report (NBS and OCGS with The DHS Program) — chapter 17, female genital mutilation/cutting: prevalence, regions, age, practitioners, attitudes
- UN Women Tanzania, Analysis of the laws of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar from a gender perspective (2024 brief) — recommendation to extend protection against FGM to women above 18
- Daily News, "How the new FGM strategy protects girls" (26 February 2026) — strategy 2025/26 to 2029/30 launched in Monduli District
- C-Sema (Sema Tanzania) -- National Child Helpline 116 — 116 free on all networks
The general article: Female genital mutilation · Compare with another country